德國中小企業(yè)(Germany Mittelstand)在各個工業(yè)領域都比較活躍,超過99%的德國公司屬于中小型企業(yè),很多德國的中小企業(yè)都是族擁有或運營,這些企業(yè)的目標是做百年老店。它們行事謹慎,很少借貸,以求代代相傳。德國同行之間在價格方面并不搞惡性競爭,他們或者在細分行業(yè)上構筑自己的競爭優(yōu)勢,或者在質量和產品創(chuàng)新上競爭。
標化和模塊化是工業(yè)4.0的重要概念,于這些只做配套元器件的中小企業(yè),是工業(yè)4.0的標化產品或模塊產品供應商,比較的策略是專心做自產品,跟蹤工業(yè)4.0的發(fā)展,在適當的時候融入到工業(yè)4.0的大體系中來。所以,于工業(yè)4.0概念大多數德企略顯謹慎。
產品企業(yè)生態(tài)模式中,大型企業(yè)或母公司扮演了帶頭大哥的角色,子企業(yè)或孫企業(yè)跟隨大企業(yè)做配套。公司和銀行集團關系緊密,通過復雜的交叉持股聯系在起;由于銀行和其他工商企業(yè)關系密切,公司管理者受到保護,從而使之能夠不受股東影響而可以進行長線投資。大型企業(yè)和中小型企業(yè)形成了緊密的企業(yè)群體結構,產品小型企業(yè)以供應大型企業(yè)為主,依賴幾大客戶,這樣以來產品小廠商在創(chuàng)新方面很難產生自己的想法。
通過交流,我們發(fā)現,德日兩國企業(yè)工業(yè)4.0的熱情明顯不及中國企業(yè),它們的著眼點還是聚焦于自身傳統(tǒng)競爭力的提高。不過,中國人的熱烈討論并非多余,正因為有了這些討論和爭論,工業(yè)4.0的概念漸漸豐滿起來,甚至反過來完善了德國的工業(yè)4.0的理論體系和實踐案例。譬如青島紅領C2M模式和青島海爾的倒金字塔模式就引起了德國人的高度關注。中國些大型企業(yè),比如流程制造型企業(yè)寶鋼,離散制造型企業(yè)華為等公司甚至在工業(yè)4.0概念提出之前就已經開始了智能制造的實踐。從統(tǒng)計局獲悉,-0月份,全省堅持穩(wěn)中求進工作主基調,經濟運行總體平穩(wěn),結構調整呈現出裝備制造業(yè)比重持續(xù)提升、高耗能行業(yè)比重下降、產品結構優(yōu)化升、高新技術產業(yè)投資速增長等多重亮點。
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